Necessity and proportionality hold a firm place in the international law governing the use of force by states, as well as in the law of armed conflict. However,

States invariably justify using force extraterritorially by reference to their right of self-defence. In doing so, they accept that the exercise of this right i

There has been considerable debate in the international community as to the legality of the forceful actions in Kosovo in 1999, Afghanistan in 2002 and Iraq in

The principle of proportionality is one of the cornerstones of International Humanitarian Law. Almost all states involved in armed conflicts recognize that it i

1. Introduction 2. What is Proportionality? 3. Proportionality: A Multiplicity of Meanings 4. Proportionality in the Just War Tradition 5. Proportionality in In